Those “small bidness owners” usually found ways to serve people of color. They just didn’t let them use the front door. Movie houses, for example, usually served “colored” people in the balcony and ice cream shops provided side windows.

No one is saying there was no racism. But when 92% of the people affected by redlining were white, it’s hard to argue that redlining was racist. Unless you think redliners were also prejudiced against white people, I guess.